Classes
When the Rains Move: The ITCZ and the Continent's Pulse
The Wind Turns: The West African Monsoon and the Sahel–Guinea Divide
Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
Two Rainy Seasons, One Region: East Africa's Bimodal Puzzle
Winter Rains under a Subtropical Sun: Mediterranean Africa
High Walls of Rain: The Rift, the Highlands, and Africa's Green Lungs
El Niño's Long Reach: Drought and Flood from the Pacific to the Horn
The Indian Ocean Dipole: A Neighbor's Seesaw
Climate Change in Africa: More Heat, But What About Rain?
Living with Climate Swings: Adaptation and the Future
Foundations & Further Reading
View course references
IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis
IPCC · Background for Class 1: When the Rains Move: The ITCZ and the Continent's Pulse
World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal - West Africa
World Bank Group · Background for Class 1: When the Rains Move: The ITCZ and the Continent's Pulse
Co-production of Rainfall Knowledge in Burkina Faso
Routledge · Background for Class 1: When the Rains Move: The ITCZ and the Continent's Pulse
Bloomsbury Academic · Background for Class 1: When the Rains Move: The ITCZ and the Continent's Pulse
The Long Dry Season: Crop-Livestock Systems in the Sahel
FAO · Background for Class 1: When the Rains Move: The ITCZ and the Continent's Pulse
Sahel Food Security Crisis 2012
World Food Programme · Background for Class 1: When the Rains Move: The ITCZ and the Continent's Pulse
Climate Data - World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal
World Bank Group · Background for Class 2: The Wind Turns: The West African Monsoon and the Sahel–Guinea Divide
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information · Background for Class 2: The Wind Turns: The West African Monsoon and the Sahel–Guinea Divide
Onset and cessation of the West African monsoon: definitions and interannual variability
Journal of Climate (American Meteorological Society) · Background for Class 2: The Wind Turns: The West African Monsoon and the Sahel–Guinea Divide
NOAA · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
NOAA Ocean Explorer · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
Cambridge University Press (Nicholson, S.E., 2011) · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
Climate Explorer - WMO station data
KNMI · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
Ecophysiology of fog: Namib Desert
Journal of Arid Environments (Henschel & Seely, 2008) · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
Plant Ecology (Henschel et al., 2017) · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
The ocean boundary along the northwest African coast
Progress in Oceanography (Mittelstaedt, E., 1991) · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
Fog as a fresh-water resource: overview and perspectives
AMBIO (Klemm, O. et al., 2012) · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
The weather and climate of southern Africa
Oxford University Press (Tyson, P.D. & Preston-Whyte, R.A., 2000) · Background for Class 3: Deserts by the Sea: The Benguela and Canary Currents
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Springer · Background for Class 4: Two Rainy Seasons, One Region: East Africa's Bimodal Puzzle
Cambridge University Press (Nicholson, S.E., 2017) · Background for Class 4: Two Rainy Seasons, One Region: East Africa's Bimodal Puzzle
Nairobi Climate Normals (1981–2010)
Kenya Meteorological Department · Background for Class 4: Two Rainy Seasons, One Region: East Africa's Bimodal Puzzle
The West African Monsoon System
Journal of Climate · Background for Class 4: Two Rainy Seasons, One Region: East Africa's Bimodal Puzzle
Crop Calendar for Eastern Africa
FAO · Background for Class 4: Two Rainy Seasons, One Region: East Africa's Bimodal Puzzle
Encyclopaedia Britannica · Background for Class 5: Winter Rains under a Subtropical Sun: Mediterranean Africa